How did political bosses gain voter support during the nineteenth century?

Political bosses gained voter support during the nineteenth century primarily by making improvements in urban infrastructure. This strategy was effective because as cities expanded rapidly during this time, many residents faced challenges such as poor sanitation, inadequate transportation, and insufficient public services. Political bosses would often oversee construction projects that enhanced these aspects of urban life, such as roads, bridges, parks, and public buildings. By addressing the immediate needs of the community, they were able to build a base of support among local voters who directly benefited from these improvements.

Furthermore, these improvements were often linked to the broader practice of patronage, where political bosses provided jobs and resources in exchange for loyalty and votes. This symbiotic relationship between urban development and voter support helped solidify their power in local politics during a time of significant social and economic change.